Faith is a 65-year-old female recovering from hip replacement surgery and presents with mild calf swelling and tenderness. Based on Virchow’s Triad, which of the following is the LEAST likely contributing factor to her symptoms?

A) Endothelial injury

B) Stasis of blood flow

C) Hypercoagulability

D) Arterial insufficiency

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Skye is a soccer player who reports intermittent knee locking and joint line pain following a twisting injury 2 weeks ago. The McMurray test reproduces pain with a click. Which additional clinical finding would MOST support the suspected diagnosis?

A) Positive Pivot shift test

B) Negative Clarke’s test

C) Positive Thessaly test at 20° flexion

D) Pain with valgus stress testing

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Brittinie presents with difficulty pushing up from a chair, weakness with shoulder extension and adduction, and no significant sensory deficits. She recently underwent axillary lymph node dissection following surgery for breast cancer. Which of the following peripheral nerves is MOST likely injured?

A) Axillary nerve

B) Thoracodorsal nerve

C) Long thoracic nerve

D) Radial nerve

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Betty is a 45-year-old female who presents to physical therapy with complaints of pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urgency without signs of infection. She reports symptoms worsening after prolonged sitting and during high-impact exercises. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to address her condition?

A) Pelvic floor muscle strengthening with biofeedback

B) Bladder retraining and dietary modification

C) Myofascial release for the pelvic floor

D) Core strengthening exercises to improve pelvic stability

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Josue recommends a prolonged warm-up for a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy before initiating aerobic exercise. Which of the following is the MOST likely rationale for this recommendation?

A) To increase left ventricular filling time

B) To prevent sudden increases in heart rate

C) To increase myocardial oxygen consumption

D) To enhance stroke volume during exercise

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Bill presents with early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and reports mild lower extremity weakness and occasional tripping when walking on uneven surfaces. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to address his current functional mobility?

A) Prescribe a wheelchair for energy conservation

B) Provide ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) to prevent foot drop

C) Initiate high-intensity strength training for lower extremities

D) Recommend a walker to improve stability

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Aiyana is an office worker with chronic low back pain who is referred to physical therapy. During a core stability assessment, the patient demonstrates difficulty maintaining a neutral pelvis while lifting one leg in a hook-lying position. Which muscle is MOST likely underperforming?

A) Iliopsoas

B) Erector Spinae

C) Quadratus lumborum

D) Rectus abdominis

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Leilani is an athlete who reports muscle cramps, fasciculations in the legs, and fatigue during prolonged training sessions. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of her symptoms?

A) Steroid abuse

B) Inadequate caloric intake

C) Hypervolemia

D) Hyponatremia

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