Elena presents with significant muscle atrophy in the lower extremities, fasciculations of the gastrocnemius, and a 1+ Achilles tendon reflex. During gait, the patient demonstrates a "slapping" foot strike. These signs are MOST indicative of:

A) A lesion in the corticospinal tract
B) An injury to the cerebellum
C) Compression of the posterior columns
D) A lesion in the anterior horn cells

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Yesenia is a 37-year-old patient with lumbar disc herniation who reports pain radiating to the posterior thigh. During treatment, repeated lumbar extension causes leg pain to resolve but increases central low back discomfort. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to continue?

A) Discontinue extension due to increased lumbar pain

B) Progress lumbar flexion exercises to reduce spinal compression

C) Continue repeated lumbar extension within tolerance

D) Introduce hamstring stretching to reduce neural tension

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Benito, a patient with a right transfemoral amputation, demonstrates circumduction of the prosthetic limb during the swing phase. Which of the following prosthetic causes is MOST likely contributing to this deviation?

A) Insufficient socket flexion

B) Socket is excessively abducted

C) Knee friction is too low

D) Foot is set too posteriorly

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Victor is a 12-year-old male who presents with a limp and groin pain. The hip rests in external rotation, and hip flexion produces obligatory external rotation. Which of the following should the physical therapist initiate FIRST?

A) Begin hip strengthening and gait training

B) Stretch hip internal rotators and adductors

C) Make the patient non–weight bearing and refer urgently

D) Initiate aquatic therapy for pain-free ROM

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Belsnickel is a 63-year-old male who presents with right-sided facial paralysis, inability to abduct the right eye, and an absent corneal blink reflex on the right. Sensation to the face is intact. These findings are MOST consistent with a lesion affecting which of the following cranial nerves?

A) Cranial nerve V, VI

B) Cranial nerve VI

C) Cranial nerve VI, VII

D) Cranial nerve II, VI

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Juvelyn shows an impaired corneal reflex, loss of facial sensation, and difficulty chewing on the right side. Which of the following is MOST likely impaired?

A) Difficulty chewing on the left

B) Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) test on the right

C) Jaw jerk test

D) Swallowing

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Hallie presents with bilateral anterior knee pain and an in-toeing gait. Craig’s test reveals 10° of femoral anteversion on both sides. Which of the following special tests is MOST appropriate to further assess the cause of the in-toeing?

A) FABER test

B) Tibial torsion test

C) Q-angle measurement

D) Thomas test

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Lionel has a past medical history of hypertension and has been referred to physical therapy for generalized fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance. During the session, the therapist notes mild bilateral lower extremity edema. Which of the following medications is MOST likely contributing to these findings?

A) Lisinopril

B) Furosemide

C) Amlodipine

D) Metoprolol

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